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Mayiladuthurai is administered by a municipality established in 1865. As of 2008, the municipality covered an area of . Mayiladuthurai comes under the Mayiladuthurai (State Assembly Constituency) constituency which elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years and it is a part of the Mayiladuthurai (Lok Sabha constituency) which elects its Member of Parliament (MP) once in five years. Roadways are the major mode of transportation to the town and it also has rail connect Coimbatore, Madurai, Tiruchirapalli Thanjavur from Mayiladuthurai, while the nearest airport, Pondicherry Airport, is located from the town.

The town of Mayiladuthurai is administered by a municipal council which was created in 1866 as per the Town Improvements Act 1865. The council initially had eleven members. This was increased to 18 in 1883 and currently stands at 36.

As of 2008, the municipality covered an area of and had a total of 36 members. The functions of the municipality is devolved into six departments: General, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, Town planning and the Computer Wing. All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the supreme executive head. The legislative powers are vested in a body of 36 members, one each from the 36 wards. The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson assisted by a Deputy Chairperson. There are a total of four revenue villages with Mayiladuthurai - Thiruvilandur, Dharmapuram, Nanchildu and Kornad. The municipality has allocated a budget of 2,183,350,000 for the year 2010-11.

Mayiladuthurai is represented in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by the Mayiladuturai (State Assembly Constituency). N. Kittappa of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam served as member for the Mayiladuthurai legislative constituency for four consecutive terms from 1967 to 1984. The Indian National Congress has won the seat four times (1957, 1962, 1991 and 2006), the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, five times (1967, Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) and the Bharatiya Janata Party, once each. Mayuram assembly constituency is part of Mayiladuturai (Lok Sabha constituency).

In the national parliament, Mayiladuthurai is a part of the Mayiladuthurai (Lok Sabha constituency), which has six assembly constituencies - Mayiladuthurai (State Assembly Constituency), sirkali (SC), Poompuhar (State Assembly Constituency), Thiruvidaimarudur (State Assembly Constituency), Kumbakonam (State Assembly Constituency) and Papanasam (State Assembly Constituency). The constituency was constituted during the third Lok Sabha (lower house) as Mayuram until the 1980 elections, when it was renamed Mayiladuthurai. During the first elections in 1957, Mayiladuthurai was part of Chidambaram constituency and was held by the Indian National Congress party. The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is R.K. Bharathi Mohan of the AIADMK party. and from 1971 to 1977, Tamil Maanila Congress for two terms between 1998 and 1999, and 1996 to 1998, Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam twice during 2009 and 2014, Indian National Congress for eight terms during 1962-67, 1989-91, 1991-96, 1999-2004,

Popular Communist leader K. Ananda Nambiar represented Mayiladuthurai in the Lok Sabha from 1951 to 1957. Mani Shankar Aiyar who served as a minister in India's cabinet was elected to the Parliament from the Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency in the 1991, 1999 and 2004 elections. The Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency was enlarged in 1977 and the Assembly segments of the abolished Kumbakonam (Lok Sabha constituency) were included in it as per the deliberations of the delimitation committee.

Potable water is provided by the municipality. Mayiladuthurai's main source of water in the Kollidam River. A total of 7.50 MLD are pumped out every day from five water tanks located in various parts of the town. There is limited underground drainage system in the town and the major sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences. The municipality maintains a total of of surfaced storm water drains and kutcha drains in Mayiladuthurai. There are five government hospitals that include a maternity and a veterinary hospital and seventeen private hospitals and clinics that take care of the health care needs of the citizens. There are a total of 3,262 street lamps in Mayiladuthurai: 2 high mast lamps, 2 mini high mast lamps, 624 sodium lamps, 2,334 tube lights and 47 CFL lamps. The municipality operates four markets, namely a vegetable market, weekly market, farmer's market (''uzhavar santhai'') and fish market that cater to the needs of the town and the rural areas around it.

, 1871-1931:, 1941-1991:, 2011: A total of 7,720 were under the age of six, constituting 3,883 males and 3,837 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 5.87% and .57% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 83.55%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. As of 2001, there are 26 slums in Mayiladuthurai with a total population of 32,381. As of 2008, there were a total of 26 notified slums, with 16,434 comprising 13% of the total population residing in those. The municipal data, however, pointed out an increase in population in slum areas.

Hinduism is the major religion followed in Mayiladuthurai and Tamil language is the major language spoken. A vast majority of the populace is engaged in agriculture.

The economy of Mayiladuthurai is primarily agro-based. The main products of Mayiladuthurai are rice, coconuts and plaintains. Confectioneries, printing presses, vehicle manufacturing units and rice mills are the major industries in Mayiladuthurai. These cloths are made up of a mixture of cotton and silk and dyed in bright colours. There are many departmental stores in Mayiladuthurai. The only shopping complex is the Kittappa commercial complex which is maintained by the municipality.

The first schools in Mayiladuthurai were founded by Christian missionaries in April 1819. The Municipal High School constructed by the municipality between 1885 and 1893, was considered to be one of the premium educational institutions in the erstwhile Tanjore district. The A. V. C. College, A. V. C. College of Engineering, A. R. C. Vishwanathan College, C.I.I.T. Community College, Dharmapuram Adhinam Arts College, D. G. Government Arts College for Women, Mayiladuthurai Meenakshi Ramasamy Arts & Science College and Mayiladuthurai Community Centre are some of the important colleges in Mayiladuthurai. All these colleges are affiliated to the Bharathidasan University in Tiruchirappalli. The State Highways SH-23 and SH-64 pass through Mayiladuthurai. There are regular bus services to important cities in Tamil Nadu. There are also regular services to other South Indian cities like Bangalore, Coimbatore, Madurai, Tirupati and Thiruvananthapuram.

Mayiladuthurai is connected by rail with most important towns and cities in South India. Mayiladuthurai Junction railway station is located on the Main Line, Tamil Nadu connecting the state capital Chennai with Tiruchirappali. In Tiruchirappali division, this is one of the vital junctions after Tiruchirappali, Thanjavur as this generates huge revenue. There are lines to Tiruvarur and Karaikudi, making it one of the major junctions in the region. The Mysuru - Mayiladuthurai Express connects Mayiladuthurai, Kumbakonam, Thanjavur and Tiruchirappali with Mysuru and Bengaluru. There are regular express trains that connect the city with major cities in the state like Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tiruchirappalli. Chidambaram and Viluppuram.

The Mayuranathaswami Temple, Mayiladuthurai complex was built during the time of the Medieval Cholas and is long and wide. The ''gopuram'', the temple gateway tower, at the eastern entrance is high. Within the Mayuranathaswami temple, there is a carving of a devotee of Shiva trying to cut off his own head as an offering to the God. The temple is maintained and administered by the Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam, a South Indian monastic institution.

The Vallalar Koil

Medha Dakshinamurthy (Guru Bhagawan) Temple on the northern bank of the River houses an idol of the God Dakshinamoorthi mounted on a Nandhi. There is another idol of Nandhi at the Thula bathing ghat on the Cauvery River. Near by is Sri Kasi Viswanathaswami Temple on the southern bank of the river.

The Punukeeswarar Temple and Aiyaarappar Temple at Koranad, Mayiladuthurai are another important ancient Shiva temples in Mayiladuthurai. Anandathandavapuram Panchavatiswarar Shiva Temple is located from Mayiladuthurai.

The prominent Vaishnava temples in the town are Parimala Ranganatha Perumal Temple of lord Vishnu at Thiruvilandur on the northern banks of the Cauvery, a Divya desam and a Pancharanga Kshetrams and Kolikutti Vanamutti Perumal temple.

Dharmapuram Adheenam with ancient temples of Dharmapureswarar, Gnanapureeswarar, Ashta Dasapuja Durgadevi and Vana Durgadevi is located in the eastern suburb.

All the Hindu holy rivers in India are believed to converge in Mayiladuthurai every year on New moon day in the Tamil month of ''Aippasi'' (November-December). A bathe at the bathing ghats on the banks of the river Cauvery on this day, according to Hindu belief, relieves a man of all his sins and misdeeds as the waters of the holy Ganges river mix with the Cavery on this day. Other important festivals celebrated at the temple are Navarathri, Adi Pooram, Avani Moolam, Karthigai Deepam and Vaikashi Brahmavotsavam An yearly dance festival called the Mayura Natyanjali is conducted within the precincts of the Mayuranathaswami Temple by the Saptasvarangal Trust during Maha Shivaratri on the pattern of the Chidambaram Natyanjali festival.

The town is considered the gateway to the Navagraha temple, the nine temples associated with planetary deities. The Periya Pallivasal mosque and TELC Church are other prominent worship places in the town. Tharangambadi, Pichavaram, Tirumullaivasal, Palaiyar and Karaikkal are the most prominent tourist attractions located around the town.

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